Modular Architecture Mastery: Building Systems That Scale Without Breaking
Monoliths start fast and die slow. Microservices start slow and die fast. Modular systems start fast and scale forever. This guide reveals the architecture patterns that let you maintain startup velocity while building enterprise-grade reliability.
What you’ll master:
- The Module Maturity Model: From spaghetti to symphony
- Domain-Driven Design for real-world systems
- The Dependency Inversion Principle that changes everything
- Communication patterns: Events vs APIs vs Shared State
- Real implementations with complete code examples
- Migration strategies from monolith to modular
- Case study: Scaling from 10 to 10M users with the same architecture
The Modular Architecture Spectrum
Understanding Your Current Position
type ArchitectureMaturity = {
level: number;
name: string;
characteristics: string[];
velocity: number; // Features per week
reliability: number; // Uptime percentage
scalability: string;
teamSize: string;
};
const architectureSpectrum: ArchitectureMaturity[] = [
{
level: 0,
name: 'Spaghetti Monolith',
characteristics: [
'No clear boundaries',
'Everything depends on everything',
'Global state everywhere',
'Copy-paste programming'
],
velocity: 10, // Fast initially
reliability: 90,
scalability: '100 users',
teamSize: '1-2 developers'
},
{
level: 1,
name: 'Layered Architecture',
characteristics: [
'UI, Business, Data layers',
'Some separation of concerns',
'Shared database',
'Synchronous communication'
],
velocity: 8,
reliability: 95,
scalability: '1,000 users',
teamSize: '3-5 developers'
},
{
level: 2,
name: 'Modular Monolith',
characteristics: [
'Clear module boundaries',
'Internal APIs',
'Module-specific data',
'Can extract to services'
],
velocity: 15,
reliability: 99,
scalability: '100,000 users',
teamSize: '5-20 developers'
},
{
level: 3,
name: 'Service-Oriented',
characteristics: [
'Independent services',
'API contracts',
'Service-specific databases',
'Async communication'
],
velocity: 20,
reliability: 99.9,
scalability: '10M users',
teamSize: '20-100 developers'
},
{
level: 4,
name: 'Domain-Driven Microservices',
characteristics: [
'Bounded contexts',
'Event-driven',
'Self-healing',
'Platform abstractions'
],
velocity: 30,
reliability: 99.99,
scalability: 'Unlimited',
teamSize: '100+ developers'
}
];The Modular Sweet Spot
class ModularArchitecture {
// The perfect balance: Monolith simplicity + Microservice flexibility
advantages = {
development: 'Single codebase, easy debugging',
deployment: 'Single deployable, simple operations',
performance: 'In-process calls, no network latency',
flexibility: 'Can extract modules to services when needed',
testing: 'Easy integration testing',
refactoring: 'Safe large-scale changes'
};
principles = {
'High Cohesion': 'Related functionality stays together',
'Low Coupling': 'Modules interact through interfaces',
'Clear Boundaries': 'Each module owns its data and logic',
'Explicit Dependencies': 'No hidden connections',
'Independent Development': 'Teams can work in parallel'
};
}Domain-Driven Design: The Foundation
Identifying Bounded Contexts
// Example: E-commerce platform bounded contexts
interface BoundedContext {
name: string;
responsibilities: string[];
entities: string[];
events: string[];
commands: string[];
queries: string[];
}
const ecommerceBoundedContexts: BoundedContext[] = [
{
name: 'Catalog',
responsibilities: [
'Product information management',
'Category organization',
'Search and filtering',
'Inventory visibility'
],
entities: ['Product', 'Category', 'Brand', 'Variant'],
events: [
'ProductCreated',
'ProductUpdated',
'ProductOutOfStock',
'PriceChanged'
],
commands: [
'CreateProduct',
'UpdateProduct',
'UpdateInventory'
],
queries: [
'GetProduct',
'SearchProducts',
'GetCategories'
]
},
{
name: 'Orders',
responsibilities: [
'Order processing',
'Order fulfillment',
'Order tracking',
'Returns and refunds'
],
entities: ['Order', 'OrderLine', 'Shipment', 'Return'],
events: [
'OrderPlaced',
'OrderShipped',
'OrderDelivered',
'OrderCancelled'
],
commands: [
'PlaceOrder',
'CancelOrder',
'ShipOrder',
'ProcessReturn'
],
queries: [
'GetOrder',
'GetOrderHistory',
'TrackShipment'
]
},
{
name: 'Payments',
responsibilities: [
'Payment processing',
'Payment methods',
'Fraud detection',
'Reconciliation'
],
entities: ['Payment', 'PaymentMethod', 'Transaction', 'Refund'],
events: [
'PaymentAuthorized',
'PaymentCaptured',
'PaymentFailed',
'RefundProcessed'
],
commands: [
'AuthorizePayment',
'CapturePayment',
'RefundPayment'
],
queries: [
'GetPaymentStatus',
'GetTransactionHistory'
]
}
];Implementing Module Boundaries
// Module structure with clear boundaries
namespace CatalogModule {
// Public API - What other modules can use
export interface CatalogAPI {
getProduct(id: string): Promise<Product>;
searchProducts(criteria: SearchCriteria): Promise<Product[]>;
checkInventory(productId: string): Promise<number>;
reserveInventory(productId: string, quantity: number): Promise<boolean>;
}
// Internal implementation - Hidden from other modules
class CatalogService implements CatalogAPI {
constructor(
private repository: CatalogRepository,
private searchEngine: SearchEngine,
private inventoryManager: InventoryManager,
private eventBus: EventBus
) {}
async getProduct(id: string): Promise<Product> {
const product = await this.repository.findById(id);
if (!product) {
throw new ProductNotFoundError(id);
}
return this.mapToPublicProduct(product);
}
async reserveInventory(productId: string, quantity: number): Promise<boolean> {
const reserved = await this.inventoryManager.reserve(productId, quantity);
if (reserved) {
await this.eventBus.publish(new InventoryReservedEvent({
productId,
quantity,
timestamp: new Date()
}));
}
return reserved;
}
// Private methods - not exposed
private mapToPublicProduct(internal: InternalProduct): Product {
// Transform internal representation to public API
return {
id: internal.id,
name: internal.name,
price: internal.currentPrice,
available: internal.inventory > 0
};
}
}
// Module registration
export function registerModule(container: DIContainer): void {
container.register('CatalogAPI', CatalogService);
container.register('CatalogRepository', PostgresCatalogRepository);
container.register('SearchEngine', ElasticsearchEngine);
container.register('InventoryManager', RedisInventoryManager);
}
}Communication Patterns Between Modules
1. Direct Method Calls (Synchronous)
class OrderService {
constructor(
private catalogAPI: CatalogAPI,
private paymentsAPI: PaymentsAPI,
private shippingAPI: ShippingAPI
) {}
async placeOrder(request: PlaceOrderRequest): Promise<Order> {
// Direct synchronous calls to other modules
// Validate products exist and have inventory
for (const item of request.items) {
const product = await this.catalogAPI.getProduct(item.productId);
const available = await this.catalogAPI.checkInventory(item.productId);
if (available < item.quantity) {
throw new InsufficientInventoryError(product.name);
}
}
// Reserve inventory
for (const item of request.items) {
await this.catalogAPI.reserveInventory(item.productId, item.quantity);
}
// Process payment
const payment = await this.paymentsAPI.authorizePayment({
amount: this.calculateTotal(request.items),
customerId: request.customerId,
paymentMethod: request.paymentMethod
});
// Create order
const order = await this.createOrder(request, payment.id);
return order;
}
}2. Event-Driven Communication (Asynchronous)
// Event-driven architecture for loose coupling
class EventDrivenOrderService {
constructor(
private eventBus: EventBus,
private orderRepository: OrderRepository
) {
this.subscribeToEvents();
}
private subscribeToEvents(): void {
this.eventBus.subscribe('ProductOutOfStock', this.handleOutOfStock.bind(this));
this.eventBus.subscribe('PaymentFailed', this.handlePaymentFailed.bind(this));
this.eventBus.subscribe('ShipmentDelayed', this.handleShipmentDelayed.bind(this));
}
async placeOrder(request: PlaceOrderRequest): Promise<Order> {
// Create order in pending state
const order = await this.orderRepository.create({
...request,
status: OrderStatus.Pending
});
// Publish event - other modules will react
await this.eventBus.publish(new OrderPlacedEvent({
orderId: order.id,
customerId: order.customerId,
items: order.items,
total: order.total
}));
return order;
}
// React to events from other modules
private async handlePaymentAuthorized(event: PaymentAuthorizedEvent): Promise<void> {
await this.orderRepository.updateStatus(event.orderId, OrderStatus.Confirmed);
await this.eventBus.publish(new OrderConfirmedEvent({
orderId: event.orderId,
confirmedAt: new Date()
}));
}
private async handleOutOfStock(event: ProductOutOfStockEvent): Promise<void> {
// Find affected orders and handle appropriately
const affectedOrders = await this.orderRepository.findByProduct(event.productId);
for (const order of affectedOrders) {
if (order.status === OrderStatus.Pending) {
await this.cancelOrder(order.id, 'Product out of stock');
}
}
}
}3. Saga Pattern for Distributed Transactions
class OrderSaga {
private steps: SagaStep[] = [];
private compensations: CompensationStep[] = [];
async execute(request: PlaceOrderRequest): Promise<Order> {
try {
// Step 1: Reserve inventory
const inventoryReservation = await this.reserveInventory(request.items);
this.compensations.push(() => this.releaseInventory(inventoryReservation));
// Step 2: Authorize payment
const paymentAuth = await this.authorizePayment(request.total);
this.compensations.push(() => this.cancelPayment(paymentAuth));
// Step 3: Create shipment
const shipment = await this.createShipment(request.shippingAddress);
this.compensations.push(() => this.cancelShipment(shipment));
// Step 4: Create order
const order = await this.createOrder(request);
// All steps succeeded - saga complete
return order;
} catch (error) {
// Something failed - run compensations in reverse order
await this.compensate();
throw new SagaFailedError('Order creation failed', error);
}
}
private async compensate(): Promise<void> {
for (const compensation of this.compensations.reverse()) {
try {
await compensation();
} catch (error) {
// Log compensation failure but continue
console.error('Compensation failed:', error);
}
}
}
}The Dependency Inversion Principle
Ports and Adapters Architecture
// Core domain - no external dependencies
namespace Core {
// Port (interface) - defined by the domain
export interface UserRepository {
save(user: User): Promise<void>;
findById(id: string): Promise<User | null>;
findByEmail(email: string): Promise<User | null>;
}
export interface EmailService {
sendWelcomeEmail(user: User): Promise<void>;
sendPasswordReset(email: string, token: string): Promise<void>;
}
// Domain service - depends only on interfaces
export class UserService {
constructor(
private userRepository: UserRepository,
private emailService: EmailService,
private passwordHasher: PasswordHasher
) {}
async createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): Promise<User> {
// Check if user exists
const existing = await this.userRepository.findByEmail(request.email);
if (existing) {
throw new UserAlreadyExistsError(request.email);
}
// Create user
const user = new User({
id: generateId(),
email: request.email,
passwordHash: await this.passwordHasher.hash(request.password),
createdAt: new Date()
});
// Save to repository
await this.userRepository.save(user);
// Send welcome email
await this.emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user);
return user;
}
}
}
// Infrastructure layer - implements the ports
namespace Infrastructure {
// Adapter for PostgreSQL
export class PostgresUserRepository implements Core.UserRepository {
constructor(private db: Database) {}
async save(user: User): Promise<void> {
await this.db.query(
'INSERT INTO users (id, email, password_hash, created_at) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)',
[user.id, user.email, user.passwordHash, user.createdAt]
);
}
async findById(id: string): Promise<User | null> {
const result = await this.db.query(
'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1',
[id]
);
return result.rows[0] ? this.mapToUser(result.rows[0]) : null;
}
}
// Adapter for MongoDB
export class MongoUserRepository implements Core.UserRepository {
constructor(private collection: Collection<UserDocument>) {}
async save(user: User): Promise<void> {
await this.collection.insertOne({
_id: user.id,
email: user.email,
passwordHash: user.passwordHash,
createdAt: user.createdAt
});
}
async findById(id: string): Promise<User | null> {
const doc = await this.collection.findOne({ _id: id });
return doc ? this.mapToUser(doc) : null;
}
}
// Adapter for SendGrid
export class SendGridEmailService implements Core.EmailService {
constructor(private sendgrid: SendGridClient) {}
async sendWelcomeEmail(user: User): Promise<void> {
await this.sendgrid.send({
to: user.email,
from: 'welcome@example.com',
templateId: 'welcome-template',
dynamicTemplateData: {
name: user.name
}
});
}
}
}Module Testing Strategies
Unit Testing Individual Modules
describe('CatalogModule', () => {
let catalogService: CatalogService;
let mockRepository: jest.Mocked<CatalogRepository>;
let mockEventBus: jest.Mocked<EventBus>;
beforeEach(() => {
mockRepository = createMockRepository();
mockEventBus = createMockEventBus();
catalogService = new CatalogService(
mockRepository,
mockSearchEngine,
mockInventoryManager,
mockEventBus
);
});
describe('reserveInventory', () => {
it('should reserve inventory and publish event', async () => {
// Arrange
const productId = 'prod-123';
const quantity = 5;
mockInventoryManager.reserve.mockResolvedValue(true);
// Act
const result = await catalogService.reserveInventory(productId, quantity);
// Assert
expect(result).toBe(true);
expect(mockInventoryManager.reserve).toHaveBeenCalledWith(productId, quantity);
expect(mockEventBus.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
expect.objectContaining({
type: 'InventoryReserved',
data: { productId, quantity }
})
);
});
it('should not publish event if reservation fails', async () => {
// Arrange
mockInventoryManager.reserve.mockResolvedValue(false);
// Act
const result = await catalogService.reserveInventory('prod-123', 5);
// Assert
expect(result).toBe(false);
expect(mockEventBus.publish).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
});
});
});Integration Testing Between Modules
describe('Order-to-Payment Integration', () => {
let orderService: OrderService;
let paymentService: PaymentService;
let testEventBus: TestEventBus;
beforeEach(async () => {
// Setup test containers with real modules
const container = createTestContainer();
orderService = container.get<OrderService>('OrderService');
paymentService = container.get<PaymentService>('PaymentService');
testEventBus = container.get<TestEventBus>('EventBus');
await container.start();
});
it('should process payment when order is placed', async () => {
// Arrange
const orderRequest = createTestOrderRequest();
// Act
const order = await orderService.placeOrder(orderRequest);
// Wait for async events to process
await testEventBus.waitForEvent('PaymentAuthorized');
// Assert
const payment = await paymentService.getPayment(order.paymentId);
expect(payment.status).toBe('authorized');
expect(payment.amount).toBe(order.total);
});
});Contract Testing
// Ensure modules maintain their contracts
class ContractTest {
@Contract('CatalogAPI.getProduct')
async testGetProductContract(): Promise<void> {
const catalogAPI = this.getCatalogAPI();
// Test contract inputs
await expect(catalogAPI.getProduct(null)).rejects.toThrow();
await expect(catalogAPI.getProduct('')).rejects.toThrow();
// Test contract outputs
const product = await catalogAPI.getProduct('valid-id');
expect(product).toMatchSchema({
id: expect.any(String),
name: expect.any(String),
price: expect.any(Number),
available: expect.any(Boolean)
});
// Test error contract
await expect(catalogAPI.getProduct('non-existent'))
.rejects.toThrow(ProductNotFoundError);
}
}Migration Strategy: From Monolith to Modular
Step-by-Step Migration
class MonolithToModularMigration {
// Phase 1: Identify boundaries in existing code
async phase1_identifyBoundaries(): Promise<ModuleBoundaries> {
const codeAnalysis = await this.analyzeCodebase();
return {
modules: this.identifyModules(codeAnalysis),
dependencies: this.mapDependencies(codeAnalysis),
sharedData: this.findSharedData(codeAnalysis),
crossCuttingConcerns: this.identifyCrossCutting(codeAnalysis)
};
}
// Phase 2: Create module interfaces
async phase2_createInterfaces(): Promise<void> {
// Start with the least coupled module
const targetModule = 'Authentication';
// Define public API
interface AuthenticationAPI {
authenticate(credentials: Credentials): Promise<Token>;
validateToken(token: string): Promise<boolean>;
refreshToken(refreshToken: string): Promise<Token>;
}
// Create facade over existing code
class AuthenticationFacade implements AuthenticationAPI {
async authenticate(credentials: Credentials): Promise<Token> {
// Delegate to existing monolith code
return existingAuth.login(credentials.username, credentials.password);
}
}
}
// Phase 3: Extract module implementation
async phase3_extractModule(): Promise<void> {
// Copy relevant code to new module
const moduleCode = await this.extractCode('Authentication');
// Refactor to remove external dependencies
await this.refactorToPureModule(moduleCode);
// Add tests
await this.addModuleTests(moduleCode);
// Replace monolith code with calls to module
await this.replaceWithModuleCalls();
}
// Phase 4: Separate data
async phase4_separateData(): Promise<void> {
// Create module-specific database/schema
await this.createModuleDatabase('authentication');
// Migrate data
await this.migrateData({
source: 'monolith.users',
destination: 'authentication.users',
transformation: this.transformUserData
});
// Setup sync during transition
await this.setupDataSync();
}
// Phase 5: Complete extraction
async phase5_completeExtraction(): Promise<void> {
// Remove old code
await this.removeMonolithCode('Authentication');
// Update all references
await this.updateReferences();
// Remove data sync
await this.removeDataSync();
// Celebrate! 🎉
console.log('Module extraction complete!');
}
}Strangler Fig Pattern Implementation
class StranglerFigPattern {
private router: RequestRouter;
private legacyApp: LegacyApplication;
private modularApp: ModularApplication;
async migrateGradually(): Promise<void> {
// Start with all traffic to legacy
this.router.route('/*', this.legacyApp);
// Gradually move endpoints to new modules
const endpoints = [
'/api/auth/*',
'/api/users/*',
'/api/products/*',
'/api/orders/*',
'/api/payments/*'
];
for (const endpoint of endpoints) {
// Implement in new module
await this.implementInModule(endpoint);
// Test thoroughly
await this.runTests(endpoint);
// Route percentage of traffic
for (const percentage of [5, 25, 50, 100]) {
await this.router.split(endpoint, {
legacy: 100 - percentage,
modular: percentage
});
// Monitor for issues
await this.monitor(endpoint, '24h');
if (this.hasIssues(endpoint)) {
await this.rollback(endpoint);
break;
}
}
}
}
}Real-World Case Study: Scaling to 10M Users
The Journey
const scalingJourney = {
phase1: {
name: 'MVP Launch',
architecture: 'Rails Monolith',
users: 1000,
performance: '500ms response time',
challenges: ['Slow tests', 'Deploy everything for small changes'],
solution: 'Started identifying module boundaries'
},
phase2: {
name: 'Product-Market Fit',
architecture: 'Modular Monolith',
users: 50000,
performance: '200ms response time',
challenges: ['Database bottleneck', 'Can\'t scale specific features'],
solution: 'Extracted payment processing to separate module with own database'
},
phase3: {
name: 'Rapid Growth',
architecture: 'Hybrid (Monolith + Services)',
users: 500000,
performance: '100ms response time',
challenges: ['Search too slow', 'Recommendations computationally expensive'],
solution: 'Extracted search to Elasticsearch service, ML recommendations to separate service'
},
phase4: {
name: 'Scale',
architecture: 'Service-Oriented with Event Bus',
users: 5000000,
performance: '50ms response time',
challenges: ['Complex deployments', 'Service coordination'],
solution: 'Implemented saga pattern, service mesh for communication'
},
phase5: {
name: 'Platform',
architecture: 'Domain-Driven Microservices',
users: 10000000,
performance: '25ms response time',
challenges: ['Platform complexity', 'Developer experience'],
solution: 'Platform team provides abstractions, self-service tools'
}
};Key Lessons
const lessonsLearned = {
'Start Modular': 'Even in monolith, maintain module boundaries',
'Extract When Needed': 'Don\'t extract to services prematurely',
'Data Is Hardest': 'Separating data is harder than separating code',
'Events Over APIs': 'Event-driven is more flexible than synchronous APIs',
'Invest In Tools': 'Good tooling makes modularity sustainable',
'Conway\'s Law': 'Organize teams around modules/services',
'Gradual Migration': 'Big bang rewrites usually fail'
};Performance Optimization in Modular Systems
Avoiding the Distributed Monolith
class PerformanceOptimizer {
// Common anti-pattern: Too many synchronous calls
async antiPattern_chattyCommunication(orderId: string): Promise<OrderDetails> {
const order = await this.orderService.getOrder(orderId);
const customer = await this.customerService.getCustomer(order.customerId);
const items = [];
for (const item of order.items) {
const product = await this.catalogService.getProduct(item.productId);
items.push({ ...item, product });
}
const payment = await this.paymentService.getPayment(order.paymentId);
const shipping = await this.shippingService.getShipment(order.shipmentId);
// 5+ network calls = slow!
return { order, customer, items, payment, shipping };
}
// Solution 1: Batch requests
async solution1_batchRequests(orderId: string): Promise<OrderDetails> {
const order = await this.orderService.getOrder(orderId);
// Parallel requests
const [customer, products, payment, shipping] = await Promise.all([
this.customerService.getCustomer(order.customerId),
this.catalogService.getProducts(order.items.map(i => i.productId)),
this.paymentService.getPayment(order.paymentId),
this.shippingService.getShipment(order.shipmentId)
]);
return { order, customer, products, payment, shipping };
}
// Solution 2: Materialized views
async solution2_materializedView(orderId: string): Promise<OrderDetails> {
// Pre-computed view with all data
return await this.orderViewService.getOrderDetails(orderId);
}
// Solution 3: GraphQL aggregation
async solution3_graphQL(orderId: string): Promise<OrderDetails> {
const query = `
query GetOrderDetails($orderId: ID!) {
order(id: $orderId) {
id
total
customer {
name
email
}
items {
product {
name
price
}
quantity
}
payment {
status
method
}
}
}
`;
return await this.graphqlGateway.query(query, { orderId });
}
}Observability and Debugging
Distributed Tracing
class DistributedTracing {
async traceModularRequest(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
// Create root span
const span = this.tracer.startSpan('http.request', {
attributes: {
'http.method': request.method,
'http.url': request.url,
'http.target': request.path
}
});
try {
// Pass trace context to modules
const context = { traceId: span.traceId, spanId: span.spanId };
// Module calls create child spans
const authSpan = this.tracer.startSpan('auth.validate', { parent: span });
const auth = await this.authModule.validate(request.token, context);
authSpan.end();
const dataSpan = this.tracer.startSpan('data.fetch', { parent: span });
const data = await this.dataModule.fetch(request.params, context);
dataSpan.end();
span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
return { status: 200, data };
} catch (error) {
span.recordException(error);
span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR });
throw error;
} finally {
span.end();
}
}
}Module Health Checks
interface ModuleHealth {
name: string;
status: 'healthy' | 'degraded' | 'unhealthy';
latency: number;
errorRate: number;
dependencies: DependencyHealth[];
}
class HealthMonitor {
async checkSystemHealth(): Promise<SystemHealth> {
const modules = await Promise.all([
this.checkModule('Catalog'),
this.checkModule('Orders'),
this.checkModule('Payments'),
this.checkModule('Shipping')
]);
const overallStatus = this.calculateOverallStatus(modules);
return {
status: overallStatus,
modules,
timestamp: new Date(),
recommendations: this.generateRecommendations(modules)
};
}
private async checkModule(name: string): Promise<ModuleHealth> {
const module = this.getModule(name);
const [health, metrics, dependencies] = await Promise.all([
module.checkHealth(),
module.getMetrics(),
module.checkDependencies()
]);
return {
name,
status: health.status,
latency: metrics.p95Latency,
errorRate: metrics.errorRate,
dependencies
};
}
}Conclusion: The Path to Modular Mastery
Modular architecture isn’t just about organizing code—it’s about creating systems that can evolve, scale, and thrive under changing requirements and growing teams.
Your Modular Architecture Roadmap
const modularRoadmap = {
week1: {
focus: 'Identify module boundaries',
actions: [
'Map current architecture',
'Identify bounded contexts',
'Find shared data and dependencies'
]
},
month1: {
focus: 'Create first module',
actions: [
'Define module API',
'Extract implementation',
'Add comprehensive tests',
'Setup module-specific monitoring'
]
},
month3: {
focus: 'Establish patterns',
actions: [
'Standardize module structure',
'Implement event bus',
'Create module template',
'Document best practices'
]
},
month6: {
focus: 'Scale and optimize',
actions: [
'Extract critical modules to services',
'Implement caching strategies',
'Add distributed tracing',
'Optimize module communication'
]
},
year1: {
focus: 'Platform maturity',
actions: [
'Full service mesh',
'Self-service platform',
'Automated testing and deployment',
'Complete observability'
]
}
};Final Wisdom: Start with modules, not microservices. Let your architecture evolve with your needs, not ahead of them.
Build modular. Scale gradually. Maintain velocity.
The best architecture is the one that lets you change your mind.